An Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is an integrated computer-based application used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human resources. Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. Built on a centralized database and normally utilizing a common computing platform, ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise-wide system environment.[1]
An ERP system can either reside on a centralized server or be distributed across modular hardware and software units that provide "services" and communicate on a local area network. The distributed design allows a business to assemble modules from different vendors without the need for the placement of multiple copies of complex and expensive computer systems in areas which will not use their full capacity.[2]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Origin of the term
* 2 Components / Modules
* 3 Commercial applications
* 4 History
* 5 Implementation
* 6 Data Migration
o 6.1 Process preparation
o 6.2 Configuration
* 7 Connectivity to Plant Floor Information
* 8 Consulting services
o 8.1 "Core system" customization vs configuration
o 8.2 Extensions
* 9 Advantages
* 10 Disadvantages
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 13 Further reading
[edit] Origin of the term
The initialism ERP was first employed by research and analysis firm Gartner Group in 1990 [3] as an extension of MRP (Material Requirements Planning; later manufacturing resource planning[4]) and CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing), and whilst not supplanting these terms, it has come to represent a larger whole. It came into use, as the creators of MRP software started to develop software applications beyond the manufacturing arena.[5] However, this does not mean that ERP packages have typically been developed from a manufacturing core. Many of the major players started their development of an integrated package from other directions, such as accounting, maintenance and human resources management. ERP systems now attempt to cover all core functions of an enterprise, regardless of the organization's business or charter. These systems can now be found in non-manufacturing businesses, non-profit organizations and governments.[6]
To be considered as an ERP system, a software package should have the following traits:
* An integrated system that operates in (next to) real time, without relying on periodic batch updates.[citation needed]
* A common database, that is accessed by all applications, preventing redundant data and multiple data definitions.
* A consistent look and feel throughout each module (sales, manufacturing, accounting etc.).
* The ability to access the system without specialist integration by the Information System (or IT) department.[7]
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Technology as a tool to achieve goals.
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Top Ranked Computer Security and Network Security Degree Program - Atlanta, GA
Kennesaw State University, approximately 22 miles outside of Atlanta, offers some of the best Computer Security and Network Security degree programs. This Kennesaw, GA-based university has a Bachelor of Science program in Information Security and Assurance and an Information Security and Assurance certificate program.
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The College of Science and Mathematics in Kennesaw, GA, is home to the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems. Its ABET-accredited undergraduate programs in computer science and information security are based on a strong technical foundation including systems analysis, systems architecture, programming principles, data communications, and database design and management. The Information Security and Assurance undergraduate degree is designed for students interested the protection of information. The following degree programs in Computer and Network Security are:
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Kennesaw State University is four-year public university outside of Atlanta. It has almost 18,000 undergraduates enrolled yearly. The apartment-style housing at Kennesaw State University costs approximately $4,750 to $7,300 annually.
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computer internal clock
clock speed
Also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second.
Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz ((GHz).
The internal of a CPU has as much to do with a CPU's performance as the clock speed, so two CPUs with the same clock speed will not necessarily perform equally. Whereas an Intel 80286 microprocessor requires 20 cycles to multiply two numbers, an Intel 80486 or later can perform the same calculation in a single clock tick. (Note that clock tick here refers to the system's clock, which runs at 66 MHz for all PCs.) These newer processors, therefore, would be 20 times faster than the older processors even if their clock speeds were the same. In addition, some microprocessors are , which means that they can execute more than one instruction per clock cycle.
Like CPUs, expansion buses also have clock speeds. Ideally, the CPU clock speed and the bus clock speed should be the same so that neither component slows down the other. In practice, the bus clock speed is often slower than the CPU clock speed, which creates a bottleneck. This is why new local buses, such as AGP, have been developed.
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Also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second.
Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz ((GHz).
The internal of a CPU has as much to do with a CPU's performance as the clock speed, so two CPUs with the same clock speed will not necessarily perform equally. Whereas an Intel 80286 microprocessor requires 20 cycles to multiply two numbers, an Intel 80486 or later can perform the same calculation in a single clock tick. (Note that clock tick here refers to the system's clock, which runs at 66 MHz for all PCs.) These newer processors, therefore, would be 20 times faster than the older processors even if their clock speeds were the same. In addition, some microprocessors are , which means that they can execute more than one instruction per clock cycle.
Like CPUs, expansion buses also have clock speeds. Ideally, the CPU clock speed and the bus clock speed should be the same so that neither component slows down the other. In practice, the bus clock speed is often slower than the CPU clock speed, which creates a bottleneck. This is why new local buses, such as AGP, have been developed.
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